این بخش برگرفته از مقاله زیر می باشد:
Source: Ivan KOBLEN, Jana KOVÁČOVÁ,"Selected information on flight simulators - main requirements, categories and their development, production and using for flight crew training in the both Slovak Republic and Czech Republic conditions",DOI: 10.13111/2066-8201.2012.4.3.7
Flight simulator for commercial flight training
The classical application of flight simulator is the training of airline pilots. The simulator comprises a motion platform, supporting an aircraft cabin with visual systems mounted above the cabin. Pilots joining an airline from flying schools, general aviation or military organizations are trained on a flight simulator for specific type of aircraft.
Flight simulators for military flight training
In military flight training, most basic training is undertaken in the aircraft. Instrument flying training is provided in flight simulators together with system familiarization trainers. However, the major developments in military flight training have occurred in operational flight training, where the cost of airborne training (particularly the deployment of munitions) and safety issues justify the cost of simulation. In these advanced simulation facilities, simulators can be linked together, enabling flight crews to practice mission sorties, with instructors introducing enemy forces often where these synthetic forces have intelligent decision-making capabilities.
Flight simulators for Ab Initio Flight Training
Although there is an understandable desire to get the student pilot into an aircraft in the early stages of a flight training program, with the reducing cost of simulation technology, there is a case to achieve more effective training by replacing some elements of airborne training with simulator-based training.
A few studies with ab initio pilots have shown that the quality of flight training can be improved with part-task training in simulators but generally, the use of simulation in general aviation training is mostly restricted to instrument training in the training of private and commercial pilots.
Engineering Flight Simulators
For the aircraft designer, the development, installation and testing of complex aircraft systems can require many hours of airborne flight tests, which, depending on the equipment can be expensive and dangerous, for example, in developing a military terrain following system.
By providing an engineering flight simulator, the system designer can install, integrate and evaluate aircraft equipment in the simulator. The simulator is still flown with the same exercises as the actual flight trials aircraft.
The major gain is that design faults are easier to detect in the simulator and more importantly, that early detection of a fault in a program can reduce the life cycle costs significantly.
Aptitude testing flight simulators (device)
The qualities needed for a pilot include hand-eye coordination, motor skills, spatial awareness, interpersonal communication skills and judgment and management skills. Many training programs are expensive and consequently, there are considerable benefits in detecting potential deficiency in pilot skills prior to the commencement of any training. Aptitude testing equipment has been developed to isolate these skills and identify areas where a trainee pilot is likely to encounter learning difficulties. In programs where there is a surfeit of applicants, failure in aptitude tests can result in an immediate rejection from the course.
In other programs, it may identify possible training problems leading to alternative training routes. The overall aim is to use low-cost aptitude testing to detect faults well before they would be identified in a training program.
Flight simulators providing the Computer-Based Training (CBT)
With the availability of high performance computers in flight training, it is not clear how the training syllabus is best presented.
Traditionally pilots have been trained by a combination of ground school and airborne training. The flight simulator provides a link between these two elements of training; a pilot is able to undertake training in a simulator to replace training in an aircraft. CBT extends this concept into the ground school training.
CBT now extends to all phases of flight training for both civil and military organizations, covering engine systems, cockpit drills, navigation systems, radio panel operation and FMS training.
Using of flight simulators for maintenance training
Rather than dismantle a complete gas turbine engine, the student can interact with images of the engine, selecting a bolt or hose to remove. Inspection of a filter can show evidence of contamination requiring further disassembly. The order and sequence of removal and installations is presented in a logical sequence and fault finding methods are monitored to check on the student’s fault diagnosis. The student’s progress in failure detection and repair can be monitored by the computer system and provide a record of progress for the instructor.
With modern aircraft, these concepts of maintenance accord with the aircraft systems found on the aircraft, where faults are recorded in flight and downloaded by maintenance crews who undertake fault detection and correction at the board level to facilitate a fast turnaround of the aircraft.
Flight simulators categorisation according to training purpose
From the training purpose point of view we can divide the flight simulators on the following categories:
Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT) – is used to practice basic cockpit procedures, such as processing emergency checklists, and for cockpit familiarization.
Aviation Training Device (ATD) – is used for basic training of flight concepts and procedures.
Basic Instrument Training Device (BITD) – a basic training device primarily focused on generic instrument flight procedures.
Flight and Navigation Procedures Trainer (FNPT) – is used for generic flight training. A generic, but comprehensive flight model is required, and many systems and environmental effects must be provided.
Integrated Procedures Trainer (IPT) – provides a fully simulated cockpit in a 3D spatial cockpit environment that combines the use of multiple touch-sensitive screens thatdisplay simulated panels in the same size as the actual aircraft panels with hardware replica panels.
Flight Training Device (FTD) – is used for either generic or aircraft-specific flight training. Comprehensive flight, systems, and environmental models are required. High level FTDs require visual systems but not the characteristics of a Full Flight Simulator (FFS).
Full Flight Simulator (FFS) – is used for aircraft-specific flight training under rules of the appropriate national civil aviation regulatory authority. Under these rules, relevant aircraft systems must be fully simulated, and a comprehensive aerodynamic model is required.
Full Mission Simulator (FMS) – Used by the military to denote a simulator capable of training all aspects of an operational mission in the aircraft concerned.
این بخش برگرفته از مقاله زیر می باشد:
Source: Ivan D. Djokic, Zarko P. Barbaric,"FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT USING SIMULATION –AN INTEGRATED APPROACH",ISSN 1330-3651,UDC/UDK 656.7.053:004.942.
A. All-digital simulation
When the control inputs to the system can be predetermined and are programmable, all-digital simulation is possible. This kind of simulation is suitable for the early phase of system development, where many parameters of the system are variable. Here the running time of the computer program is not related to the real world time.
B. Pilot-in-the-loop simulation
In the event that the control inputs necessary for the testing procedure are dynamic in nature, or cannot be predetermined, such as the pilot response in an actual aircraft, the term simulation takes a new dimension known as real-time pilot-in-the-loop simulation. This new dimension calls for strict correspondence between the computer time and the real world time. Inputs and outputs to hardware devices must be synchronized to a real-time clock and cannot be time-scaled as in the all-digital computing environment. A real-time simulation of the aerial vehicle corresponds to an actual vehicle flight as viewed by an observer. When an actual piece of flight equipment, such as a control device, is placed in the simulation, then the simulation becomes hardware-in-the-loop with the same characteristics as pilot-in-the-loop.
C.Hardware-in-the-loop simulation
Embedded systems are designed to control complex plants such as UAVs, aircrafts, weapon systems, and jet engines. They generally require a high level of complexity within the embedded system to manage the complexity of the plant under control. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is a technique that is used increasingly in the development and test of complex real-time embedded systems. The HIL simulation also includes electrical emulation of sensors and actuators. These electrical emulations act as the interface between the plant simulation and the embedded system under test. The value of each electrically emulated sensor is controlled by the plant simulation and is read by the embedded system under test. Likewise, the embedded system under test implements its control algorithms by outputting actuator control signals. Changes in the control signals result in changes to variable values in the plant simulation. The HIL simulation is an effective tool for development of highly reliable systems, influencing development and test efficiency (cost, duration, and risk).
